Introduction
Male infertility is a global health issue that contributes to nearly half of all infertility cases. Despite its prevalence, male infertility is frequently underdiagnosed due to social stigma and lack of awareness. Andrology provides a scientific framework for understanding the biological, genetic, and environmental factors that impair male fertility.
Causes of Male Infertility
Male infertility can be categorized into pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes. Hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and chronic stress are common contributors.
Sperm quality parameters—including concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA integrity—are essential indicators of male fertility potential.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Andrological evaluation includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, and semen analysis. Additional investigations such as hormonal profiling, scrotal ultrasound, genetic testing, erotic testing and advanced sperm function tests may be required to identify specific causes.
Treatment Strategies
Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause and may involve medical therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, or assisted reproductive technologies. The goal of andrology is to restore natural fertility whenever possible.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex condition requiring specialized care. Andrology offers evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that improve reproductive outcomes and emotional well-being.